From The Mainstream Media
The Tacoma Police Department apparently has bought — and quietly used for
six years — controversial surveillance equipment that can sweep up records
of every cellphone call, text message and data transfer up to a half a mile
away.
You don’t have to be a criminal to be caught in this law enforcement snare.
You just have to be near one and use a cellphone.
Known as Stingray, the device — small enough to be carried in a car —
tricks cellphones into thinking it’s a cell tower and draws in their
information.
News that the city was using the surveillance equipment surprised City
Council members, who approved an update for a device last year, and
prosecutors, defense attorneys and even judges, who in court deal with
evidence gathered using the surveillance equipment.
“If they use it wisely and within limits, that’s one thing,” said
Ronald Culpepper, the presiding judge of Pierce County Superior Court, when
informed of the device Tuesday. “I would certainly personally have some
concerns about just sweeping up information from non-involved and innocent
parties — and to do it with a whole neighborhood? That’s concerning.”
For years, a growing number of local law enforcement agencies have used the
surveillance devices to track a cell signal to deduce a subject’s location,
who he communicates with, for how long and how often.
Law enforcement investigators can use the technology to find drug dealers and violent criminals. Civil libertarians charge police also are secretly
scooping up data from innocent people during these broad searches for
suspects.
No state or local law enforcement agency in Washington state has acknowledged possessing the required surveillance devices. Tacoma Police Department has not confirmed that it has a Stingray, but Pierce County sheriff’s spokesman Ed Troyer said Tuesday that the Police Department sometimes assists the sheriff’s office with the device.
Documents — including purchase orders, invoices, contracts and even a
police newsletter — further make the case that Tacoma officials will not.
Police Chief Don Ramsdell, through a spokeswoman, declined an interview
request to talk about the police department’s apparent purchase of a
Stingray device and associated technology. The department cited a
nondisclosure agreement it has with the FBI.
The police department did offer to have a lieutenant review The News
Tribune’s questions but only if they were submitted in advance so that they
could be vetted to determine whether they violated the FBI agreement. The
newspaper sent questions, and the department said it would respond Wednesday
(Aug. 27).
Earlier this month, city officials blacked out portions of relevant purchase
documents requested by The News Tribune.
Deputy City Attorney Michael Smith redacted much of the identifying
information on a May 2013 invoice for the equipment, saying disclosure
“would allow the identification of confidential pieces of technology.”
However, unredacted portions of those public records as well as other
documents reviewed by The News Tribune indicate the Police Department has had
the ability to wirelessly search neighborhoods since as early as 2008.
The Police Department appears to have updated its equipment last year with
money authorized by a City Council whose members now say they didn’t know
what they were buying.
“I’ve got to find out what I voted on before I comment,” Councilman
David Boe said Monday. “This is new information.”
The devices are indiscriminate in the information they collect, and that
bothers civil libertarians.
“They are essentially searching the homes of innocent Americans to find one
phone used by one person,” said Christopher Soghoian, principal
technologist with the American Civil Liberties Union in Washington, D.C.
“It’s like they’re kicking down the doors of 50 homes and searching 50
homes because they don’t know where the bad guy is.”
City Manager T.C. Broadnax said he does not know the specifics of what the
police department bought. But he believes the department “adequately
briefed the City Council on the particulars of what we were buying and how
and when they would use it under certain circumstances.”
“I’m not in law enforcement, but it’s my impression that it assists
them in doing their job more effectively, and that’s to protect the
public,” Broadnax said.
Mayor Marilyn Strickland said it doesn’t bother her that she wasn’t told
the full capabilities of the device. She is comfortable with the Police
Department having it — as long as they also protect civil liberties.
“If our law enforcement need access to information to prevent crime or keep
us safe, that’s a legitimate use of the technology,” she said. “We are
more focused on preventing crime and keeping our community safe than getting
in people’s business.”
One City Council member said the Police Department’s purchase of
surveillance equipment doesn’t concern him.
Councilman Joe Lonergan said he wasn’t told about the purchase he helped
approve last year but said the police using such a device wouldn’t surprise
him.
“There are lots of things, I imagine, not that I know about, that you
don’t want to tell everyone how you process your investigation,” he said.
“That’s why information on investigations are always slow to come out.”
Four members of the City Council — Marty Campbell, Anders Ibsen, Robert
Thoms and Lauren Walker — could not be reached for comment. Councilwoman
Victoria Woodards said she needed to check with the city manager for more
information.
RECORDS DOCUMENT STINGRAY BUYS
Tacoma police officials might not want to talk about cellphone surveillance
devices, which commonly are known as Stingrays, a popular model manufactured
by Harris Corp. of Melbourne, Florida.
But public records tell part of the story.
A city memo last year in which the Police Department sought to bypass
competitive bidding requirements is the first clue.
The memo cites the need to update equipment “utilized by Special
Investigations in support of field operations for criminal investigations”
and states that “current Harris Corporation technology owned by TPD was
received through a Department of Justice (DOJ) Law Enforcement Grant Award in
2007.”
A few months later in 2008, the federal government sent the city via FedEx
overnight a Stingray and a similar Harris Corp. device, called a Kingfish,
according to documents posted this month on Muckrock, a website that helps
people file public records requests.
The equipment was given under a federal program — the Counterdrug
Technology Assessment Center, Technology Transfer Program — that provides equipment to local law enforcement agencies to fight the drug trade. It was shipped to police Detective Jeffrey Shipp.
In 2008, the city named Shipp an employee of the month in another apparent
indication of the city’s pursuit of Stingray technology.
Shipp was praised in an employee newsletter “for his work in procuring a
$450,000 training and equipment grant for a cellular phone tracking system
— one of only five awarded across the country. Great job!”
The detective’s name showed up yet again in a March 2013 Police Department
request to spend $251,752 to upgrade its Harris Corp. equipment. Most of the
money — $188,814 — came from a federal port security grant through the
Department of Homeland Security.
Shipp and Chief Ramsdell sold the purchase to the City Council as a boon to
Tacoma’s bomb squad.
Ramsdell wrote in a memo to the city’s purchasing department: “This new
equipment offers enhanced technological capabilities for the Tacoma Police
Department Explosives Ordinance Detail (EOD) with IED (improvised explosive
device) prevention, protection, response and recovery measures.”
But left unredacted on a May 2013 invoice for the purchase was this telling
explanation for why the city was getting a laptop free of charge: “This
$3,500 valued Laptop PC is included in the cost of the Stingray II
Enhancement.”
Technically, the Stingray could be used to find someone with a cellphone who
wants to set off an IED, or jam cell signals in an area, but that’s not its
primary purpose.
“Chances are the city of Tacoma is not using it to find IEDs,” said
Soghoian of the ACLU. “They’re using it to get drug dealers.”
The City Council unanimously approved buying the equipment March 19, 2013.
Council members apparently did not know that the technology was not created to detect bombs.
Councilman Ryan Mello said he remembers talking with police about a grant
relating to port security and improvised explosive devices, but not about
cellphone surveillance.
“This is the first I’m hearing of it,” he said.
The Police Department should have disclosed what the device was really for,
Mello said.
“I would expect that there would be policies in place about how people’s
information, whether it’s sensitive or not, how people’s information is
handled and used,” he said.
But the city manager insists that council members were told. For council
members who do not remember the briefing, “I question what their
recollection is. It’s been over a year since they got briefed on it,”
Broadnax said.
HOW IT WORKS
In gathering information, a Stingray device exploits a flaw in cellphone
signal security.
Cellphones seek the strongest cell tower signal, and a Stingray pretends to
be a cell tower with a strong signal.
Soghoian of the ACLU described the process as a high-tech game of “Marco
Polo.”
The Stingray sends a signal: “Marco.” All cellphones within range, not
just the ones police are seeking, are compelled to respond: “Polo.”
The phones are tricked into passing data through government equipment before going to a legitimate cellphone tower — and the cellphone’s owner has no idea what happened.
Deployed in tandem with analytical software, such cellphone surveillance
technology could be used by police to analyze massive amounts of metadata — who you call or text, when you contact them and for how long you talk — to
determine associations between groups of people.
One maker of such software is Pen-Link of Lincoln, Nebraska. Purchasing
records show Pierce County paid $8,400 for a year’s access to Pen-Link
software as recently as 2012.
“Software is installed on Tacoma Police Department network for regional
intelligence group,” the entry reads.
Sheriff’s spokesman Troyer said the county first bought the software in
2005 as part of a terrorism prevention program. The department uses the
software as an investigative tool by analyzing data lawfully obtained through
a warrant, he said.
In February, the Tacoma police bought software from another data-analysis
company, Verint of Melville, New York, for $51,727, purchasing records show.
The Police Department’s purchase last year of updated Stingray technology
appears to have ensured it can continue to track cellphones in the years
ahead.
A 2013 invoice indicates the city bought Harris Corp. equipment under a
federal General Services Administration contract. The city paid $109,421 —
exactly the price the federal contract specified as the cost of a Stingray
upgrade called Hailstorm.
Hailstorm appears to be aimed at keeping cellular surveillance equipment up
to date.
“We don’t know everything about what the Hailstorm does,” said Soghoian
of the ACLU. “… It’s not surprising that law enforcement agencies are
seeking this equipment. It’s definitely not cheap.”
A March 2014 purchase order from the DEA states: “The Hailstorm upgrade is
necessary for the Stingray system to track 4G LTE phones.”
The 4G LTE standard allows rapid data transfer over a wireless network and is
becoming the standard in cell phone technology.
Stingrays can tap these phones, but only because the current generation of 4G
LTE phones is compatible with the older 2G standard, Soghoian said. That
won’t always be the case — and law enforcement agencies know this, he
said.
USE OF CELL DATA NOT NEW
Law enforcement agencies long have been able to acquire cellphone records
with permission from a judge.
When investigators want to learn the location of a suspect, they routinely
pay a cellphone company a fee to find the person’s cellphone — but only
after a judge has signed off on the request for what’s known as a “pen
register.”
The information from cellphone companies shows only where a person has been and who the person has called or texted. A Stingray shows where the person is and who he or she is calling or texting in real time.
Stringrays and similar devices also are more precise. Small enough to be
portable, a Stingray can be driven around a target location to more
accurately pinpoint the location of a subject.
Nationally, some agencies have used pen registers as permission to deploy
Stingrays and similar devices. It often is unclear whether judges approving
the orders were told that officers would be privy to information about a
whole neighborhood, not just the subjects they said they would be tailing.
In 2012, a U.S. magistrate judge in Texas refused to grant the federal Drug
Enforcement Agency permission to use a Stingray in part because the agency
did not explain “what the government would do with the cellphone numbers”
of innocent people and other information recorded on the equipment.
In June, Phil Mocek, a prolific user of the Muckrock website, asked the
Tacoma police to produce documents showing its use of cell site simulators,
which is what a Stingray is. The city responded earlier this month with a
list that shows 168 cases since 2009 in which police sought court permission
to access cellphone records.
In the same time frame, police used emergency orders, which do not require a
judge’s immediate permission, 10 times. Such situations included finding
people involved with the killing of four Lakewood police officers in 2009,
kidnappings and people suspected of child prostitution.
The list also shows that Tacoma police officers filed for pen register orders
and used a Stingray on behalf of other agencies, such as the Pierce County
Sheriff’s Department, the DEA in Seattle and Immigration and Customs
Enforcement.
Troyer said the sheriff’s department has asked Tacoma police to use its
Stingray on Pierce County’s behalf in at least two cases since April. One
man threw a bottle of gunpowder at a victim. The sheriff’s office got a
warrant to locate the suspect, who was then arrested.
Deputies also asked Tacoma in June to use the Stingray to find a homicide
suspect, Troyer said.
“We were given the cell number of the homicide suspect and got a court
order to locate the phone, and the suspect was arrested,” Troyer said.
OFFICIALS NOT IN LOOP
Neither the Pierce County Prosecutors Office, nor public defenders — not
even superior court judges — were aware of Tacoma police using this
surveillance technique, officials with those departments said Tuesday.
“We have not been given any information that any information was obtained
by using something like a Stingray,” said Michael Kawamura, director of the
Pierce County Department of Assigned Counsel.
He said other jurisdictions have used the device without a warrant — and if
that’s happening here, Kawamura said, that’s a problem.
“You are not allowed to invade a person’s right to privacy absent
judicial authority,” he said. “We weren’t aware of any particular cases
where it was being used. It gives us something to look at.”
Prosecutor Mark Lindquist said local law enforcement agencies have long
relied on cellphone locations obtained from cellular providers with a
judicial order.
“There are cases where we’ve relied on triangulation,” he said. “What
I’m not sure on and what I’d have to look into is if we are doing it the
old-fashioned way or if we’re using Stingray technology.”
Prosecutors have to be able to defend evidence in court, he said. As far as
he knows, local law enforcement is “playing by the rules.”
“None of this evidence has been successfully challenged by the defense, and
from that, I can infer that law enforcement is doing it right,” he said.
“Both prosecutors and defense attorneys will review warrants and make sure
that they are valid.”
Judge Culpepper said police must show probable cause to get a pen register
order, but as far as he knows, Tacoma police have never said they planned to
use a Stingray to collect a suspect’s information.
If police delete information gathered from innocents, Culpepper said,
“maybe there’s no harm.” But “If they are storing it, what are they
storing it for? And who says they can store it in the first place?”
After revelations that the Seattle Police Department had bought drones and
installed surveillance cameras near the waterfront without public notice, the
Seattle City Council last year adopted a policy requiring council approval
before any department acquires surveillance equipment.
Councilman Mello said Tacoma should create a similar policy.
Doug Honig, spokesman for the ACLU in Seattle, said governments need to have transparent policies on the use of “invasive surveillance technology.”
“Use of a Stingray by local law enforcement can be very problematic because
they gather a lot of information about innocent people in addition to whoever
might be a target of an investigation,” Honig said. “Any data not
relevant to criminal activity should be gotten rid of, or should not be
retained for very long.”
Culpepper said he plans to ask more questions of the Police Department when
investigators next ask him for a pen register order or a warrant:
“I think I’ll probably ask what kind of device are you going to use?”
he said.
From The Mainstream Media
The Tacoma Police Department apparently has bought — and quietly used for
six years — controversial surveillance equipment that can sweep up records
of every cellphone call, text message and data transfer up to a half a mile
away.
You don’t have to be a criminal to be caught in this law enforcement snare.
You just have to be near one and use a cellphone.
Known as Stingray, the device — small enough to be carried in a car —
tricks cellphones into thinking it’s a cell tower and draws in their
information.
News that the city was using the surveillance equipment surprised City
Council members, who approved an update for a device last year, and
prosecutors, defense attorneys and even judges, who in court deal with
evidence gathered using the surveillance equipment.
“If they use it wisely and within limits, that’s one thing,” said
Ronald Culpepper, the presiding judge of Pierce County Superior Court, when
informed of the device Tuesday. “I would certainly personally have some
concerns about just sweeping up information from non-involved and innocent
parties — and to do it with a whole neighborhood? That’s concerning.”
For years, a growing number of local law enforcement agencies have used the
surveillance devices to track a cell signal to deduce a subject’s location,
who he communicates with, for how long and how often.
Law enforcement investigators can use the technology to find drug dealers and violent criminals. Civil libertarians charge police also are secretly
scooping up data from innocent people during these broad searches for
suspects.
No state or local law enforcement agency in Washington state has acknowledged possessing the required surveillance devices. Tacoma Police Department has not confirmed that it has a Stingray, but Pierce County sheriff’s spokesman Ed Troyer said Tuesday that the Police Department sometimes assists the sheriff’s office with the device.
Documents — including purchase orders, invoices, contracts and even a
police newsletter — further make the case that Tacoma officials will not.
Police Chief Don Ramsdell, through a spokeswoman, declined an interview
request to talk about the police department’s apparent purchase of a
Stingray device and associated technology. The department cited a
nondisclosure agreement it has with the FBI.
The police department did offer to have a lieutenant review The News
Tribune’s questions but only if they were submitted in advance so that they
could be vetted to determine whether they violated the FBI agreement. The
newspaper sent questions, and the department said it would respond Wednesday
(Aug. 27).
Earlier this month, city officials blacked out portions of relevant purchase
documents requested by The News Tribune.
Deputy City Attorney Michael Smith redacted much of the identifying
information on a May 2013 invoice for the equipment, saying disclosure
“would allow the identification of confidential pieces of technology.”
However, unredacted portions of those public records as well as other
documents reviewed by The News Tribune indicate the Police Department has had
the ability to wirelessly search neighborhoods since as early as 2008.
The Police Department appears to have updated its equipment last year with
money authorized by a City Council whose members now say they didn’t know
what they were buying.
“I’ve got to find out what I voted on before I comment,” Councilman
David Boe said Monday. “This is new information.”
The devices are indiscriminate in the information they collect, and that
bothers civil libertarians.
“They are essentially searching the homes of innocent Americans to find one
phone used by one person,” said Christopher Soghoian, principal
technologist with the American Civil Liberties Union in Washington, D.C.
“It’s like they’re kicking down the doors of 50 homes and searching 50
homes because they don’t know where the bad guy is.”
City Manager T.C. Broadnax said he does not know the specifics of what the
police department bought. But he believes the department “adequately
briefed the City Council on the particulars of what we were buying and how
and when they would use it under certain circumstances.”
“I’m not in law enforcement, but it’s my impression that it assists
them in doing their job more effectively, and that’s to protect the
public,” Broadnax said.
Mayor Marilyn Strickland said it doesn’t bother her that she wasn’t told
the full capabilities of the device. She is comfortable with the Police
Department having it — as long as they also protect civil liberties.
“If our law enforcement need access to information to prevent crime or keep
us safe, that’s a legitimate use of the technology,” she said. “We are
more focused on preventing crime and keeping our community safe than getting
in people’s business.”
One City Council member said the Police Department’s purchase of
surveillance equipment doesn’t concern him.
Councilman Joe Lonergan said he wasn’t told about the purchase he helped
approve last year but said the police using such a device wouldn’t surprise
him.
“There are lots of things, I imagine, not that I know about, that you
don’t want to tell everyone how you process your investigation,” he said.
“That’s why information on investigations are always slow to come out.”
Four members of the City Council — Marty Campbell, Anders Ibsen, Robert
Thoms and Lauren Walker — could not be reached for comment. Councilwoman
Victoria Woodards said she needed to check with the city manager for more
information.
RECORDS DOCUMENT STINGRAY BUYS
Tacoma police officials might not want to talk about cellphone surveillance
devices, which commonly are known as Stingrays, a popular model manufactured
by Harris Corp. of Melbourne, Florida.
But public records tell part of the story.
A city memo last year in which the Police Department sought to bypass
competitive bidding requirements is the first clue.
The memo cites the need to update equipment “utilized by Special
Investigations in support of field operations for criminal investigations”
and states that “current Harris Corporation technology owned by TPD was
received through a Department of Justice (DOJ) Law Enforcement Grant Award in
2007.”
A few months later in 2008, the federal government sent the city via FedEx
overnight a Stingray and a similar Harris Corp. device, called a Kingfish,
according to documents posted this month on Muckrock, a website that helps
people file public records requests.
The equipment was given under a federal program — the Counterdrug
Technology Assessment Center, Technology Transfer Program — that provides equipment to local law enforcement agencies to fight the drug trade. It was shipped to police Detective Jeffrey Shipp.
In 2008, the city named Shipp an employee of the month in another apparent
indication of the city’s pursuit of Stingray technology.
Shipp was praised in an employee newsletter “for his work in procuring a
$450,000 training and equipment grant for a cellular phone tracking system
— one of only five awarded across the country. Great job!”
The detective’s name showed up yet again in a March 2013 Police Department
request to spend $251,752 to upgrade its Harris Corp. equipment. Most of the
money — $188,814 — came from a federal port security grant through the
Department of Homeland Security.
Shipp and Chief Ramsdell sold the purchase to the City Council as a boon to
Tacoma’s bomb squad.
Ramsdell wrote in a memo to the city’s purchasing department: “This new
equipment offers enhanced technological capabilities for the Tacoma Police
Department Explosives Ordinance Detail (EOD) with IED (improvised explosive
device) prevention, protection, response and recovery measures.”
But left unredacted on a May 2013 invoice for the purchase was this telling
explanation for why the city was getting a laptop free of charge: “This
$3,500 valued Laptop PC is included in the cost of the Stingray II
Enhancement.”
Technically, the Stingray could be used to find someone with a cellphone who
wants to set off an IED, or jam cell signals in an area, but that’s not its
primary purpose.
“Chances are the city of Tacoma is not using it to find IEDs,” said
Soghoian of the ACLU. “They’re using it to get drug dealers.”
The City Council unanimously approved buying the equipment March 19, 2013.
Council members apparently did not know that the technology was not created to detect bombs.
Councilman Ryan Mello said he remembers talking with police about a grant
relating to port security and improvised explosive devices, but not about
cellphone surveillance.
“This is the first I’m hearing of it,” he said.
The Police Department should have disclosed what the device was really for,
Mello said.
“I would expect that there would be policies in place about how people’s
information, whether it’s sensitive or not, how people’s information is
handled and used,” he said.
But the city manager insists that council members were told. For council
members who do not remember the briefing, “I question what their
recollection is. It’s been over a year since they got briefed on it,”
Broadnax said.
HOW IT WORKS
In gathering information, a Stingray device exploits a flaw in cellphone
signal security.
Cellphones seek the strongest cell tower signal, and a Stingray pretends to
be a cell tower with a strong signal.
Soghoian of the ACLU described the process as a high-tech game of “Marco
Polo.”
The Stingray sends a signal: “Marco.” All cellphones within range, not
just the ones police are seeking, are compelled to respond: “Polo.”
The phones are tricked into passing data through government equipment before going to a legitimate cellphone tower — and the cellphone’s owner has no idea what happened.
Deployed in tandem with analytical software, such cellphone surveillance
technology could be used by police to analyze massive amounts of metadata — who you call or text, when you contact them and for how long you talk — to
determine associations between groups of people.
One maker of such software is Pen-Link of Lincoln, Nebraska. Purchasing
records show Pierce County paid $8,400 for a year’s access to Pen-Link
software as recently as 2012.
“Software is installed on Tacoma Police Department network for regional
intelligence group,” the entry reads.
Sheriff’s spokesman Troyer said the county first bought the software in
2005 as part of a terrorism prevention program. The department uses the
software as an investigative tool by analyzing data lawfully obtained through
a warrant, he said.
In February, the Tacoma police bought software from another data-analysis
company, Verint of Melville, New York, for $51,727, purchasing records show.
The Police Department’s purchase last year of updated Stingray technology
appears to have ensured it can continue to track cellphones in the years
ahead.
A 2013 invoice indicates the city bought Harris Corp. equipment under a
federal General Services Administration contract. The city paid $109,421 —
exactly the price the federal contract specified as the cost of a Stingray
upgrade called Hailstorm.
Hailstorm appears to be aimed at keeping cellular surveillance equipment up
to date.
“We don’t know everything about what the Hailstorm does,” said Soghoian
of the ACLU. “… It’s not surprising that law enforcement agencies are
seeking this equipment. It’s definitely not cheap.”
A March 2014 purchase order from the DEA states: “The Hailstorm upgrade is
necessary for the Stingray system to track 4G LTE phones.”
The 4G LTE standard allows rapid data transfer over a wireless network and is
becoming the standard in cell phone technology.
Stingrays can tap these phones, but only because the current generation of 4G
LTE phones is compatible with the older 2G standard, Soghoian said. That
won’t always be the case — and law enforcement agencies know this, he
said.
USE OF CELL DATA NOT NEW
Law enforcement agencies long have been able to acquire cellphone records
with permission from a judge.
When investigators want to learn the location of a suspect, they routinely
pay a cellphone company a fee to find the person’s cellphone — but only
after a judge has signed off on the request for what’s known as a “pen
register.”
The information from cellphone companies shows only where a person has been and who the person has called or texted. A Stingray shows where the person is and who he or she is calling or texting in real time.
Stringrays and similar devices also are more precise. Small enough to be
portable, a Stingray can be driven around a target location to more
accurately pinpoint the location of a subject.
Nationally, some agencies have used pen registers as permission to deploy
Stingrays and similar devices. It often is unclear whether judges approving
the orders were told that officers would be privy to information about a
whole neighborhood, not just the subjects they said they would be tailing.
In 2012, a U.S. magistrate judge in Texas refused to grant the federal Drug
Enforcement Agency permission to use a Stingray in part because the agency
did not explain “what the government would do with the cellphone numbers”
of innocent people and other information recorded on the equipment.
In June, Phil Mocek, a prolific user of the Muckrock website, asked the
Tacoma police to produce documents showing its use of cell site simulators,
which is what a Stingray is. The city responded earlier this month with a
list that shows 168 cases since 2009 in which police sought court permission
to access cellphone records.
In the same time frame, police used emergency orders, which do not require a
judge’s immediate permission, 10 times. Such situations included finding
people involved with the killing of four Lakewood police officers in 2009,
kidnappings and people suspected of child prostitution.
The list also shows that Tacoma police officers filed for pen register orders
and used a Stingray on behalf of other agencies, such as the Pierce County
Sheriff’s Department, the DEA in Seattle and Immigration and Customs
Enforcement.
Troyer said the sheriff’s department has asked Tacoma police to use its
Stingray on Pierce County’s behalf in at least two cases since April. One
man threw a bottle of gunpowder at a victim. The sheriff’s office got a
warrant to locate the suspect, who was then arrested.
Deputies also asked Tacoma in June to use the Stingray to find a homicide
suspect, Troyer said.
“We were given the cell number of the homicide suspect and got a court
order to locate the phone, and the suspect was arrested,” Troyer said.
OFFICIALS NOT IN LOOP
Neither the Pierce County Prosecutors Office, nor public defenders — not
even superior court judges — were aware of Tacoma police using this
surveillance technique, officials with those departments said Tuesday.
“We have not been given any information that any information was obtained
by using something like a Stingray,” said Michael Kawamura, director of the
Pierce County Department of Assigned Counsel.
He said other jurisdictions have used the device without a warrant — and if
that’s happening here, Kawamura said, that’s a problem.
“You are not allowed to invade a person’s right to privacy absent
judicial authority,” he said. “We weren’t aware of any particular cases
where it was being used. It gives us something to look at.”
Prosecutor Mark Lindquist said local law enforcement agencies have long
relied on cellphone locations obtained from cellular providers with a
judicial order.
“There are cases where we’ve relied on triangulation,” he said. “What
I’m not sure on and what I’d have to look into is if we are doing it the
old-fashioned way or if we’re using Stingray technology.”
Prosecutors have to be able to defend evidence in court, he said. As far as
he knows, local law enforcement is “playing by the rules.”
“None of this evidence has been successfully challenged by the defense, and
from that, I can infer that law enforcement is doing it right,” he said.
“Both prosecutors and defense attorneys will review warrants and make sure
that they are valid.”
Judge Culpepper said police must show probable cause to get a pen register
order, but as far as he knows, Tacoma police have never said they planned to
use a Stingray to collect a suspect’s information.
If police delete information gathered from innocents, Culpepper said,
“maybe there’s no harm.” But “If they are storing it, what are they
storing it for? And who says they can store it in the first place?”
After revelations that the Seattle Police Department had bought drones and
installed surveillance cameras near the waterfront without public notice, the
Seattle City Council last year adopted a policy requiring council approval
before any department acquires surveillance equipment.
Councilman Mello said Tacoma should create a similar policy.
Doug Honig, spokesman for the ACLU in Seattle, said governments need to have transparent policies on the use of “invasive surveillance technology.”
“Use of a Stingray by local law enforcement can be very problematic because
they gather a lot of information about innocent people in addition to whoever
might be a target of an investigation,” Honig said. “Any data not
relevant to criminal activity should be gotten rid of, or should not be
retained for very long.”
Culpepper said he plans to ask more questions of the Police Department when
investigators next ask him for a pen register order or a warrant:
“I think I’ll probably ask what kind of device are you going to use?”
he said.